Additional state-by-state details follow the chart.

More state-by-state details

Alabama: The supervising driver in Alabama must be a parent, guardian or driving instructor. At age 16, permit holders may drive while supervised by any licensed driver. Certification waived for applicants who have completed driver education. Restrictions end after holding the intermediate license for at least 6 months and reaching age 17.

Arizona: A driver education instructor in Arizona can authorize a student enrolled in driver education who is age 15 to drive only while supervised by the authorizing instructor. Certification waived for applicants who have completed driver education.

Arkansas: In Arkansas, people age 14 can drive with an instruction permit after passing a written test; after 30 days and after passing a road test, they are eligible for a restricted license. Unsupervised driving is not permitted by holders of either the instruction permit or restricted license. The combined holding period for the permit and restricted license is 6 months. An intermediate phase for licensees younger than 18 prohibits drivers from transporting passengers who are unrestrained. Applicants for an intermediate license must be 16 and must be crash/violation free for 6 months.

California: Students enrolled in driver education in California may drive while supervised by an instructor. License applicants who do not take driver education must wait until age 18 for a license. They are not required to go through an intermediate license stage.

Colorado: In Colorado, the minimum permit age varies. Fifteen-year-olds who are enrolled in driver education may apply for an instruction permit. Their supervising driver must be a parent, stepparent, grandparent, guardian or driving instructor. A person age 15.5 may apply for an instruction permit which allows driving while supervised by a parent, stepparent, grandparent or guardian. Although driver education is not required at this age, applicants for this permit must have completed a 4-hour driver-awareness program. At 16, young drivers may apply for a permit that allows driving while supervised by a licensed driver age 21 or older.

Connecticut: Either driver education or home training is required for license applicants younger than 18 in Connecticut. Time spent practice driving with a professional instructor counts toward the 20-hour certification requirement.

Delaware: In Delaware, a driver education student does not need a permit to drive with a driver education instructor. After completing the on-road requirements of driver education, a driver education student who is at least age 15 years, 10 months may apply for a Driver Education Learner’s Permit, which allows the student to drive while supervised by an experienced driver. Upon completion of driver education, and if the student passes both the road and written tests, the student receives a Level 1 permit that for the first 6 months allows driving only while supervised. There also is a passenger restriction during the first 6 months of the Level 1 permit. No more than 1 passenger (family members excepted) are permitted in addition to the supervising driver. The Level 1 permit for the second 6 months is the equivalent of an intermediate license. During that period, holders may drive unsupervised between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. and may only carry 1 passenger. Applicants for a driver’s license who are younger than 18 must have held a Driver Education Learner’s Permit and/or a Level 1 permit for at least 12 months. Driver education is required for all license applicants younger than 18.

Florida: In Florida, learner’s permit holders may not for the first 3 months drive after sunset and thereafter may not drive after 10 p.m.

Georgia: In Georgia, license applicants younger than 17 must have completed driver education.

Hawaii: License applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education in Hawaii.

Idaho: In Idaho, license applicants younger than 17 must have completed driver education. There are three classes of learner’s permits: a training instruction permit for persons age 14.5 taking driver education; a supervised instruction permit for practice driving with a nonprofessional supervisor; and an instruction permit for persons younger than 17 who have completed driver education and supervised driving or for persons 17 and older without either driver education or supervised driving.

Illinois: Enrollment in driver education is required for permit applicants age 15 in Illinois; without driver education, a permit applicant must be age 17, 3 months. License applicants 18 and older are not required to have driver education or to go through an intermediate license stage.

Indiana: Driver education determines the minimum age for permits and the intermediate license in Indiana. People enrolled in or who have completed driver education must be age 15 to have a permit; otherwise, they must be age 16. The minimum age for an intermediate license is 16, 1 month with driver education; age 16, 6 months without.

Iowa: In addition to the certification in the learner stage, Iowa requires a certification of 10 hours of supervised driving, two of which must be at night during the intermediate stage. Driver education is required for an intermediate license and for an unrestricted license if applicant is younger than 18. Restrictions end after holding an intermediate license for at least 1 year and reaching age 17.

Kansas:In Kansas, restricted license holders may not drive unless supervised other than to and from school or work via the most direct route and may not carry minor passengers other than siblings. To get a restricted license, applicants must have driven at least 25 of the 50 hours required for a full license and must have held an instruction permit for 6 months.

Kentucky: The Kentucky law prohibits learner’s permit holders from driving between midnight and 6 a.m. or from carrying more than 1 passenger younger than 20 unless supervised by a driving instructor. License holders younger than 18 must complete a driver education course or a state-sponsored traffic school.

Louisiana: Driver education is required in Louisiana for a permit and an intermediate license if the applicant is younger than 17. People 17 and older must have completed an educational program that does not require a behind-the-wheel component.

Maine: In Maine, driver education is required for a permit and a license if the applicant is younger than 18. The learner's permit holding period and the certification of practice driving applies to license applicants younger than 21.

Maryland: In Maryland, 15 year-olds may drive without a permit if supervised by a driver education instructor. Driver education and the certification of practice driving applies to all initial license applicants. The nighttime driving restriction, however, only applies to intermediate license holders younger than 18.

Massachusetts: The requirement for supervised driving is 30 hours for applicants who have successfully completed a driver-skills development program in a closed, off-road course licensed by the Registrar of Motor Vehicles. Driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18. The night driving restriction in Massachusetts for permit holders younger than 18 is midnight to 5:00 a.m. unless they are accompanied by a licensed parent or guardian.

Michigan: Permit applicants younger than 18 in Michigan must have completed the first segment of driver education; license applicants younger than 18 must have completed the second segment of driver education. Neither driver education nor an intermediate license is required for license applicants 18 and older.

Minnesota: In Minnesota, permit applicants younger than 18 must be enrolled in driver education; license applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education. The permit holding period applies to license applicants 18 and older unless they have completed driver education. Provisional license holders must be crash free to qualify for a full license.

Mississippi: In Mississippi, license applicants 17 and older are exempt from the 6-month learner’s permit holding period and the requirement to get an intermediate license.

Montana: Enrollment in or completion of driver education is required for permit applicants younger than 15 in Montana; license applicants younger than 16 must have completed driver education.

Nebraska: In Nebraska, 14-year-olds who live 1.5 miles or more from school and who either live outside or attend school outside a metropolitan area may be issued a learner’s permit (called an "LPE permit") and a limited license (called a "school permit"). The LPE permit authorizes supervised driving for the purpose of preparing for the school permit, which allows driving to and from school or anyplace while supervised by a parent or guardian.

Nevada: Driver education is be required of all licensed applicants younger than 18 unless there is no driver education program offered within a 30-mile radius of the applicant’s residence.

New Hampshire: New Hampshire does not issue learner's permits. At age 15.5 a person can drive while supervised by a licensed driver 25 or older.

New Jersey: In New Jersey, the permit becomes an intermediate license after 6 months. The graduated licensing law applies to adults, except that the night driving and passenger restrictions are waived for new drivers 21 and older. If the applicant has not completed driver education, the minimum permit age is 17 and the minimum intermediate license age is 17, 6 months. Learner’s permit holders may not drive between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. and may not carry more than 1 passenger in addition to the supervising driver.

New Mexico: Permit applicants younger than 18 must be enrolled in driver education in New Mexico; license applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education.

New York: Currently, New York law does not have a minimum holding period for the learner’s permit. The minimum age for an unrestricted driver’s license is 18 (age 17 if the applicant has completed driver education). The exception is New York City where driving is prohibited unless the driver is 18 or older. New York has enacted a passenger restriction that applies to permit holders and license holders younger than 18 (age 17 if the applicant has completed driver education). Permit holders who pass a road test and certify 20 or more hours of practice driving may be given a "limited DJ license" which allows unsupervised driving to and from school, school activities, work, medical appointments, and day care for family members. The night driving and passenger restrictions apply to this license. Permit holders may apply for the limited DJ license at any time. There is, however, a six-month holding period for the regular DJ license which allows unsupervised driving anywhere but retains the night driving and passenger restrictions. For the purpose of determining if the six-month holding period has passed, both the time spent in the learner's permit phase and the time a person spends in the limited DJ phase is counted.

North Carolina: In North Carolina, learner’s permit holders may not drive between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. for the first 6 months. Driver education is required for permit and license applicants younger than 18. Cell phone restriction does not apply to phone conversations with physicians, parent, guardian, or spouse.

Ohio & Oregon: Driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18 in Ohio and Oregon. However, it is waived in Oregon for applicants who certify an additional 50 hours of supervised driving.

Oklahoma: Fifteen-year-olds may drive in Oklahoma but only while supervised by an instructor.

Rhode Island: Driver education is required of permit and license applicants younger than 18 in Rhode Island.

South Carolina: In South Carolina, licensees in the learner stage may not drive between midnight and 6 a.m. unless supervised by a licensed parent or guardian. Fifteen-year-olds who are enrolled in driver education do not need a permit to drive with an instructor. License applicants younger than 17 who have not completed driver education may not get a license to drive unsupervised after daylight.

South Dakota: In South Dakota, learner’s permit holders may not drive between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. unless under the supervision of their parent or guardian who is occupying a seat beside them.

Tennessee: Learner’s permit holders in Tennessee may not drive from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.

Texas: In Texas, the minimum permit age is 15 for applicants who are enrolled in driver education. The minimum license age is 18 for applicants who have not completed driver education.

Utah: Permit holders younger than 18 may only drive under the supervision of a driving instructor, a parent or guardian, or a responsible adult who accepts liability for the permit holder’s driving by signing the permit application. Regardless of age, permit applicants in Utah must be enrolled in driver education and license applicants must have completed driver education. Supervised driving in the learner stage may include up to 5 hours in a driving simulator. Passenger restrictions in Utah end when a driver has been licensed for 6 months or when the driver turns 18, whichever occurs first.

Vermont: Driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18 in Vermont.

Virginia: In Virginia, driver education is required for license applicants younger than 19 (18 if applicant holds a valid license from another state). Initial license applicants 19 and older must either complete driver education or hold a learner’s permit at least 30 days. The night driving restriction and passenger restriction (no more than 1 passenger younger than 18) apply to learner’s permit holders.

Washington: Permit applicants in Washington must be enrolled in driver education; otherwise the minimum permit age is 15.5. Driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18. Intermediate license holders with a crash or violation history are ineligible for an unrestricted license until age 18.

Washington, D.C.: The learner’s stage in the District of Columbia is mandatory for all license applicants, regardless of age. A nighttime restriction (9 p.m.–6 a.m.) applies in the learner stage. License applicants younger than 21 must go through the intermediate stage until they have completed it or until age 21.

West Virginia: In West Virginia, learner’s permit holders younger than 18 may not drive 11 p.m.–5 a.m. and may not carry more than two passengers in addition to the supervising driver.

Wisconsin: Enrollment in driver education is required in Wisconsin for permit applicants younger than 18. Driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18. During the learner’s stage, licensees may carry three passengers if supervised by a driving instructor in a dual-control vehicle or, if at least 16, may carry one passenger 25 or older who has been licensed at least two years.

Wyoming: In Wyoming, all applicants for an unrestricted license who are younger than 17 must have completed driver education and must have held an intermediate license for at least 6 months.